Ukrainian Journal «Health of Woman»

Posttraumatic stress disorder: a narrative review

M.M. Kolotilov — 2025-06-28

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome and mental disorder that may develop either immediately or after a delay in adults, adolescents, and children (regardless of ethnicity, nationality, culture, or age) who have experienced or witnessed one or more traumatic events, a series of events, or a set of circumstances.

The aim of this review is to contextualize PTSD within the semantic framework of syndrome description, based on an integrated body of reliable and interrelated knowledge on the subject.

PTSD in children, adolescents, and women is examined through the following dimensions: statistics and epidemiology; clinical symptomatology; diagnostic methods; elements of research methodology; brain growth chart databases and age-normed MRI templates of the brain; target anatomy; genetics; key elements of PTSD pathogenesis; the microbiome; PTSD and comorbidity; PTSD risk prediction; stress resilience; PTSD treatment strategies; pharmacological agents for the prevention and treatment of PTSD; probiotics; evidence-based classical pharmacotherapies; non-recommended pharmacological agents and treatment approaches; and promising directions for future research.

Conclusions. The relevance of research on PTSD is driven by the high prevalence of traumatic events in human life and their consequences, including the development of PTSD. PTSD can adversely affect various aspects of an individual's life, including mental and physical health, social relationships, and overall functioning. The need for continued research in this field is associated with the search for effective methods of diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of individuals suffering from PTSD, as well as with the development of preventive measures aimed at reducing the likelihood of this disorder.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Bone metabolism and osteoporosis in women during pregnancy and lactation – a modern view and treatment strategy

N.P. Bondarenko — 2025-06-28

Аim - to study and systematize the modern view on changes in mineral metabolism during pregnancy and lactation, their clinical impact, modern directions for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in women based on existing evidence on the impact of various therapeutic measures.

The relevance of the problem of osteoporosis during pregnancy and lactation is described. The etiopathogenetic factors that determine the occurrence of the disease are considered. Attention is focused on complications caused by osteoporosis during pregnancy and lactation. The effectiveness of methods of diagnosis and treatment of pregnant women with osteoporosis is analyzed.

Conclusions. Despite modern diagnostics and pharmacological means, the problem of osteoporosis during pregnancy and lactation (PLO) remains complex and in the future is the cause of a decrease in the quality of life of a woman. Given the lack of standard clinical recommendations for the treatment of PLO, to obtain effective treatment when choosing a drug, it is necessary to take into account many factors, starting from accurate diagnosis and ending with individual treatment. Cessation of breastfeeding and calcium with vitamin D monotherapy causes rapid bone recovery, prevents fractures and improves the quality of life of a woman in the future.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Mathematical model for predicting adverse perinatal outcomes in women with COVID-19

R.M. Savchuk — 2025-06-28

The aim: to create a mathematical model for predicting adverse perinatal outcomes in women with COVID-19.

Materials and methods. To build a mathematical prediction model, candidate indicators were selected whose frequency significantly differed in the groups of pregnant women with significant perinatal disorders (group O1, n=50) and without such disorders (group O2, n=150), and odds ratio (OR) calculations were performed. To assess the significance of the indicators in points and assign threshold values, the expert evaluation method, the Delphi method, was used.

Results. The most statistically significant indicators for predicting perinatal disorders in pregnant women with COVID-19 are laboratory indicators associated with COVID-19, indicators of disease severity, stress, the presence of anxiety and depression, and endocrine pathology. The constructed model (scale) for predicting perinatal disorders in pregnant women with COVID-19 includes 24 indicators and can be used in 2 stages: 1 - at the prehospital stage and/or at the beginning of hospitalization (9 indicators), 2 - in the dynamics of the disease at the hospital stage (15 indicators). The ease of use (scoring), as well as the established fairly high accuracy (86.7%), sensitivity (87.5%), and specificity (86.4%) of the prediction model, allow us to recommend it for use in clinical practice.

Conclusions. The implementation of a model for predicting perinatal disorders in pregnant women with COVID-19 for the purpose of early identification of high-risk patients, their timely hospitalization, and treatment will reduce the incidence of perinatal complications, morbidity, and mortality of the mother and child.

The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the institution mentioned in the paper. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies.

No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Predictive value of cervical ultrasound parameters for induction success in women at risk of post-term pregnancy

A.M. Martych — 2025-06-28

Aim - to evaluate the predictive value of ultrasonographic cervical parameters for the success of labor induction in nulliparous women with late-term pregnancy.

Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study included 201 nulliparous women at ≥41 weeks of gestation undergoing labor induction. Clinical data and sonographic parameters of the cervix — cervical length, funneling dimensions (length, width), and fetal head-to-external os distance — were collected before induction. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to identify independent predictors of induction success.

Results. Successful induction occurred in 145 (72.1%) women, while 56 (27.9%) required cesarean delivery after failed induction. Independent predictors included shorter cervical length, greater funneling length and width, and reduced head-to-external os distance. The model achieved good discriminatory performance (AUC: 0.839; 95% CI: 0.781-0.897), with sensitivity of 66.3% and specificity of 82.6%. The Youden index was 0.489, indicating balanced predictive capacity. These results surpass the accuracy reported for the traditional Bishop score (AUC: 0.65-0.75).

Conclusions. Transvaginal ultrasonography assessing cervical length, funneling parameters, and fetal head position provides objective and reproducible predictors of labor induction success in nulliparous women. Incorporating these parameters may enhance pre-induction risk stratification and reduce failed inductions.

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the local ethics committee, and all participants gave written informed consent.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Vaginal microbiocenosis and cervical immunity in women with cervical polyps

V.V. Kharenko — 2025-06-28

Cervical polyp (СР) is a common pathology that often has an asymptomatic course, its pathogenesis and risk of oncological transformation are debatable.

Aim - to investigate the features of the vaginal biocenosis and cervical immunity in women with dysplastic СР and glandular СР of the cervix to improve treatment tactics.

Materials and methods. Cervical immunity and vaginal microflora were studied in 83 women with dysplastic СР (group I), in 55 women with glandular СР (group II) and in 40 healthy women (control group - GC). The vaginal microflora was studied according to the Hay-Ison criteria, the content of interleukins 1β (IL-1β) and 6 (IL-6), secretory inhibitor of leukocyte proteinase (SILP) and lactoferrin in cervical mucus was studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results. The concentration of IL-1β is the highest in the group I, where СР was accompanied by abnormal results of cytological screening, IL-6 also had the highest value in the group I, in patients of the group II this concentration was lower, but still exceeded the indicator of the GC. Patients of the group I were distinguished by the maximum concentration of SILP, in women of the group II the content of SLPI was lower, but still exceeded the indicator of GC. The content of lactoferrin was reduced in of the group I and ІI. Women of the group I are characterized by the dominance of aerobic pathogens were distinguished by a higher frequency of grade 4 vaginal discharge, where aerobic pathogens dominate among the morphotypes of the vaginal microflora. This also correlates with the data of the study of local cervical immunity, indicating that the values of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the group 1 are higher than in the group II and GC.

Conclusions. Dysplastic СР is accompanied by inflammatory changes in the cervical epithelium and the dominance of aerobic microflora, which should be taken into account when developing treatment tactics.

The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of the participating institution. Informed consent of the patients was obtained for the study.

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

The effect of menopausal hormone therapy on biomarkers of systemic inflammation

Y.V. Voshkulat — 2025-06-28

Aim - to evaluate the impact of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on the levels of systemic inflammation markers (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) and the quality of life in postmenopausal women.

Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of 80 postmenopausal women was conducted: 40 women receiving combined MHT (estrogen + progestin) and 40 women without MHT. The serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), quality of life using the MENQOL scale, and the prevalence of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) were assessed.

Results. The MHT group had significantly lower levels of IL-6 (3.2±1.8 vs 5.1±2.4 pg/ml) and CRP (1.8±1.2 vs 3.4±1.8 mg/l) compared to the non-MHT group. The prevalence of GSM was lower in the MHT group (15.0% vs 35.0%). Quality of life was significantly better in the MHT group across all MENQOL domains. A strong correlation was found between the levels of inflammatory markers and the severity of GSM symptoms (r=0.64-0.79).

Conclusions. Menopausal hormone therapy has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, which is confirmed by a significant reduction in the levels of key biomarkers of systemic inflammation — IL-6 and CRP. The use of MHT is associated with a decrease in the prevalence of genitourinary syndrome of menopause and a significant improvement in the quality of life of postmenopausal women in all key aspects (vasomotor, urogenital, psychosocial, and physical). There is a strong positive correlation between the levels of systemic inflammation markers (IL-6, CRP) and the severity of urogenital symptoms, which confirms the role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of GSM.

The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Committee on bioethics and deontology of these institutions. The informed consent of the children's parents was obtained for the research.

No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Chronic endometritis in groupe of a women of fertile age with infertility and uterine surgery

N.V. Gerevich — 2025-06-28

Chronic endometritis (CE) is known to have a negative impact on decidualization, and therefore is the cause of implantation failure, miscarriage and placentation disorders with the formation of both placental insufficiency and pathological placental invasion.

Aim - to determine the frequency of CE in women of childbearing age without a history of cesarean section (CS), with infertility requiring the use of assisted reproductive technologies (IVF) or uterine surgery, who are planning pregnancy in the short term.

Materials and methods. The study included 309 women of childbearing age, who were divided into 2 groups: the first - 152 women with IVF and without a history of CS; the second - 157 women of childbearing age without a history of CS, who underwent elective uterine surgery. The control group was 54 women without ART and uterine surgery in history, who applied for a scheduled examination. The presence of HE was established when 5 or more plasma cells were found in the endometrial stroma, determining the specific marker of plasma cells - CD138 by immunohistochemical method. Endometrial tissue samples were taken by Pipelle biopsy using a device (Pipelle de Cornier, CCD).

Results. According to the results of the study, HE was detected in 79 (52.0%) women of the first, 73 (46.5%) of the second and in 2 (3.7%) of the control group.

Conclusions. The results of the study showed that in the groups of women with IVF and gynecological surgical interventions on the uterus, a high frequency of HE was observed (52% and 46.5%, respectively), which suggests that HE may be one of the factors contributing to the development of placental disorders. However, further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Sonographic prognostic markers of spontaneous preterm birth

E.V. Petrenko — 2025-06-28

Aim - to evaluate the prognostic potential of ultrasound parameters (uterine-cervical angle (UCA) and cervical length (CL)) measured in the second trimester as predictors of spontaneous preterm birth (SPB) in singleton pregnancies.

Materials and methods. The main study group included 22 women whose pregnancies ended in SPB at 24-36 weeks of gestation. The control group consisted of 24 patients who had full-term deliveries. The obstetric, gynecological and somatic history of the patients was studied, in particular the course of pregnancy and transvaginal ultrasound parameters for cervicometry and determination of the UCA at 18-22 weeks of pregnancy. Descriptive and analytical statistical methods were used (Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's χ² test, correlation and ROC analyses).

Results. Significant differences were found in the frequency of preterm births, which occurred in 18.2% of women the main study group and none of the patients in the control group. Analysis of the course of the gestational period showed a higher frequency of complicated pregnancies in women of main group compared to the control group - 63.6% versus 33.3% of cases, respectively. In women of the main group, UCA indicators were 15.1% higher than the corresponding indicators in patients of the control group. UCA/CL ratios in women of main group were 20.7% higher than the average indicators in the control group.

Conclusions. The main risk factors for SPB include a history of preterm birth, 4 or more pregnancies, concomitant gynecological pathology, as well as complicated pregnancy with cases of threatened miscarriage in the first and second trimesters and anemia in the second trimester. The risk of SPB was directly associated with shortening of the cervix, an increase in the UCA and the UCA/CL ratio according to transvaginal ultrasound data at 18-22 weeks of pregnancy. This allows these indicators to be considered as possible markers for predicting preterm birth.

The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained from the patients for the study.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Angiogenic imbalance in preeclampsia: does vitamin D status matter?

I.V. Poladych — 2025-06-28

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the leading hypertensive complications of pregnancy and is characterized by systemic endothelial dysfunction. A central mechanism in the pathogenesis of PE is angiogenic imbalance, particularly an elevated sFlt-1/PlGF ratio. Recent studies suggest a potential role of vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency in the development of PE, possibly through its indirect effects on angiogenesis.

Aim - to investigate the relationship between the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio and 25(OH)D levels in pregnant women with PE.

Materials and methods. The study included 90 pregnant women: 60 with PE and 30 with uncomplicated pregnancies (control group). Serum levels of sFlt-1, PlGF, and 25(OH)D were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Group comparisons were conducted, and correlations between 25(OH)D levels and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio were analyzed.

Results. Women with PE had significantly higher sFlt-1 levels (8520±1130 pg/mL) and lower PlGF levels (78±22 pg/mL) compared to the control group (3140±850 pg/mL and 235±45 pg/mL, respectively). The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was markedly elevated in the PE group (mean 109.2 vs. 13.4). Serum 25(OH)D levels were lower in women with PE compared to controls (18.6±5.4 ng/mL vs. 28.7±6.2 ng/mL). A significant inverse correlation was found between 25(OH)D levels and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio.

Conclusions. Pregnant women with PE demonstrate both angiogenic imbalance and vitamin D deficiency. The observed inverse correlation between 25(OH)D levels and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio suggests a possible contribution of vitamin D deficiency to the dysregulation of angiogenesis in PE. These findings support the rationale for further studies on vitamin D-based strategies for preventing angiogenic imbalance and PE.

No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

The course of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period in women of different ages giving birth for the first time

А.V. Chernov — 2025-06-28

Aim - to conduct a retrospective analysis of the course of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period in women of different age groups who are giving birth for the first time, to determine the impact of reproductive age on the incidence of obstetric complications.Materials and methods. The course of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period was analyzed according to 154 birth histories of women giving birth for the first time, who were divided into groups according to age: I group of the study - 78 pregnant women aged 20-29 years, II group - 76 pregnant women aged 30-40 years. Obstetric complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period were studied.Results. A significant complication during pregnancy in the II group of women was the threat of abortion (23.7%); gestational anemia (27.6%); the threat of premature birth (15.7%). Preeclampsia was diagnosed 1.9 times more often in the II group, the frequency of severe preeclampsia in this group - 3.9%. The course of pregnancy was complicated by placental insufficiency in 15.7% in the II group, premature rupture of the membranes occurred significantly more often (22.4%). In childbirth and the early postpartum period, women in the II group had to use the following operations significantly more often: the frequency of cesarean section in 27.6%; episiotomy and perineotomy - in 19.7%, amniotomy - in 11.8% of cases and manual separation of the placenta and afterbirth - in 9.2%.Conclusions. Women giving birth for the first time after the age of 30 should be included in the high-risk group for the occurrence of preeclampsia, especially early forms and placental insufficiency; they require an individual approach to choosing a method of delivery, taking into account all risk factors.

The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the institution mentioned in the paper. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies.

No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Cardiotocographic patterns of fetal distress in labor upon the background of various risk factors

V.O. Golyanovsky — 2025-06-28

Timely diagnosis of fetal distress in the intranatal period is an important component of modern obstetric practice, especially when several risk factors are combined, such as preeclampsia, obesity, and induction of labor.

Aim - to assess the features of cardiotocographic (CTG) patterns in women with obesity, preeclampsia, and labor induction to improve the diagnosis of fetal distress.

Materials and methods. The sample included 89 patients at term (37-41 weeks) in whom an abnormal CTG recording was recorded during labor, divided into four groups: group 1 - 24 women with labor induction due to a previous pregnancy, group 2 - 25 women in labor with mild preeclampsia, group 3 - 20 women in labor with obesity of the I-II degree, group 4 - 20 women without concomitant obstetric or metabolic risk factors, with a physiological course of pregnancy and independent onset of labor. CTG parameters were analyzed: heart rate, heart rate variability, presence of decelerations and their type.

Results. Episodes of tachycardia were more characteristic of the group 1, and reduced variability - of the groups 2 and 3. Prolonged deceleration was more often an indication for delivery in the group 2 (41.6% versus 15.0% in the group 4, in the group 3 - 15.0%, in the group 2 - 12.0%), frequent complicated decelerations dominated as indications for delivery in the other groups (88.0% - in the group 2 and 85.0% - in the groups 3 and 4).

Conclusions. The results of our study confirm the relevance of a multifactorial approach to CTG analysis in patients with a complicated obstetric history. This allows not only to identify fetal distress in a timely manner, but also to increase the prognostic accuracy of CTG, which is especially important in conditions of limited resources or the need for an emergency clinical decision.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Preconceptional assessment of endothelial dysfunction markers in women with antenatal fetal death in anamnesis

N.M. Hychka — 2025-06-28

Identification of endothelial dysfunction markers at stage of pregnancy planning enables risk stratification for prethrombotic conditions, optimization of preconception management strategies, and prevention of complications of pregnancy and childbirth in women with a history of antenatal fetal death (AFD).

Аim - to identify markers of endothelial dysfunction and the features of polymorphism of the encoding them genes, in women with a history of AFD at the stage of preconception preparation.

Materials and methods. At the stage of pregnancy planning, 38 women with a history of AFD (main group) and 35 women whose previous pregnancies resulted in live births (control group) were examined. Gene polymorphisms of coagulation factor V (FV Leiden) and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) were determined using an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. The presence of specific antiphospholipid antibodies and their cofactors, as well as the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and homocysteine were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results. In women of the main group, gene polymorphisms associated with inherited thrombophilia were diagnosed 2.3 times more frequently overall. Specifically, the frequency of FV Leiden was threefold higher, MTHFR polymorphism - 3.4 times higher, prothrombin gene mutation - 5.5 times higher, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) polymorphism - 8.5 times higher compared to the control group. The homocysteine level in the main group exceeded that of the control group by 2.4 times. Antiphospholipid antibodies were detected three times more often in the main group and, in combination with inherited thrombophilia gene polymorphisms, were present in 21.1% of cases. A significant 3.1-fold decrease in VEGF levels and a 2.1-fold increase in ET-1 concentration were observed in women of the main group compared with the control group (6.4±0.4 pg/mL respectively 3.1±0.2 pg/mL).

Conclusions. Determination of gene mutations associated with thrombophilia, antiphospholipid antibodies, and markers of endothelial dysfunction in women with a history of antenatal fetal death will enable timely adjustment of pregnancy management strategies and prevention of recurrent fetal and neonatal losses. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

The research protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Bogomolets National Medical University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The influence of stress on the maternal and fetal autonomic nervous regulation and the weight of newborn

I.V. Lakhno — 2025-06-28

Wartime stress has multiple negative projections on the health of the mother and fetus.

Аim - to study the level of maternal stress variables, maternal and fetal heart rate variability (HRV), neonatal biometrics, Apgar score and possible relationships between them in women residents of Kharkiv and internally displaced persons (IDPs).

Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 71 pregnant women at 26-37 weeks. Among them, 39 were local residents (group I), and 32 were IDPs (group II). The psychoemotional state of women was assessed by determining the level of anxiety and the level of stress experience using psychodiagnostic methods. Fetal HRV variables were obtained from a number of RR-intervals recorded from the mother's abdominal wall using non-invasive fetal electrocardiography.

Results. The study showed the absence of a statistically significant difference of maternal and fetal HRV indicators between study groups. Later delivery terms contributed to a significant increase in weight, body length, head circumference of newborns, and Apgar scores in the group I. The level of stress was higherin in the group II. The study of multivariate logistic regression showed the presence of a relationship between the SI (stress index) of the mother and the weight of the newborn, as well as with the level of anxiety according to Spielberger and Taylor.

Conclusions. Pregnant IDPs showed an increased level of anxiety and stress, as well as a reduced term of delivery, neonatal biometry and status compared to local residents of Kharkiv. Logistic regression indicators demonstrated a relationship between the SI of the mother and the weight of the newborn, as well as with the level of anxiety according to Spielberger and Taylor. Maternal stress is an important pathogenetic factor in nutritional disorders and fetal growth.

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the local ethics committee, and all participants gave written informed consent.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Determining risk factors for umbilical cord pathology based on medical history

S.O. Ovcharenko — 2025-06-28

Aim - to conduct an analysis of somatic and obstetric-gynecological history in order to identify risk factors for the development of umbilical cord pathology.

Materials and methods. A retrospective review of 75 delivery records at gestational ages between 28 and 41 weeks was performed. The study group (Group I, n=48) was subdivided into: Ia - 23 women with umbilical cord entanglement around the fetal neck and/or trunk; Ib - 13 women with a short umbilical cord; and Ic - 12 women with umbilical vessel abnormalities (single umbilical artery). The Control group (CG) included 27 pregnant women without umbilical cord pathology. The features of the premorbid background, reproductive and gynecological history, and extragenital pathology in the examined groups were analyzed.

Results. The study of the anamnesis showed: artificial abortions in the Group I were higher than in the CG. Also in the Group I, women had a history of one or more spontaneous miscarriages. Fetal growth retardation syndrome, аntenatal and intranatal fetal death were noted in the anamnesis in the Group I, in pregnant women in the CG these indicators were absent. Assessment of the frequency of extragenital pathology showed a burdened somatic anamnesis in both the Group I and the CG. Cardiovascular and endocrine diseases, pathology of the urinary system, inflammatory processes of the reproductive system and pathological changes of the cervix, the specific weight of gynecological diseases per woman almost twice exceeded such indicators in the CG. It should also be noted the high level of infertility in both the Group I and the CG.

Conclusions. The somatic health status of women and the presence of gynecological disorders at the preconception stage are significantly associated with a higher incidence of umbilical cord pathology. These findings highlight the necessity of improving current diagnostic and preventive strategies for pregnancy complications, with a particular emphasis on preconception care tailored to the specific medical history of women.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Cytogenetic status of the oral mucosa in young women who smoke

I.S. Lisetska — 2025-06-28

Cytogenetic monitoring allows us to study the effects of genotoxicants, including various types of smoking, on the human body.

Аim - to study the effect of various types of smoking on cytogenetic status by analysing the karyological indicators of buccal epithelial cells of the oral mucosa in adolescent women.

Materials and methods. The cytogenetic status was studied by analysing the karyological indicators of buccal epithelial cells of the oral mucosa in 72 young women aged 18 to 24, who were divided into groups: group I - 16 people who regularly smoke traditional cigarettes; group II - 14 people who regularly smoke electronic cigarettes (vapes); group III - 16 people who regularly smoke tobacco heating devices (IQOS); group IV - 26 people without the harmful habit of smoking. Cytogenetic examination was performed on cells and nuclei of buccal epithelial cells of the oral mucosa stained with aceto-orcein. Nuclear abnormalities were examined in each preparation.

Results. In participants who smoke, a significant increase in epithelial cells of the buccal epithelium with nuclear abnormalities was found compared to the group of individuals without the harmful habit of smoking, and in women who smoke traditional cigarettes, the number of such cells was higher compared to non-smokers. In addition, participants in the study who did not smoke did not show nuclear abnormalities such as protrusions, proliferation indicators, early stage nuclear destruction indicators, or complete nuclear destruction indicators.

Conclusions. The effect of different types of smoking on cytogenetic status was studied by analysing the karyological indicators of buccal epithelial cells of the oral mucosa in adolescent women. The study found that buccal epithelial cells are sensitive to different types of smoking, which affects changes in karyological indicators. The results of the study of the cytogenetic status in adolescent women indicate the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities in smokers.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.